3.4 Particles III — Of, Also, Only, From, Until, And — Epoché
What you will be able to do Join two nouns so that one owns or belongs to the other, and know when to leave the ending out: 서울은 한국의 수도예요. but 제 우산 같이 쓰세요. Say "also" and "only" by attaching an ending to a noun rather than by moving a word about: 나도 몰라요. and 물만 부탁드려요. Mark a starting point and an end point, of place or of time: 여기에서 시내까지 어떻게 가요? Join two nouns with "and", and say why Korean cannot use the same word it uses to join two sentences. Stack two endings on one noun in the right order, as in 나는 도서관에서만 공부해요. , and say which of the two comes first. Prerequisites : 3.3, which gave you the object ending and the three that mark place and direction. The six endings here are the rest of the common set, and three of them replace English words rather than English prepositions, which is the interesting part. Two lessons have treated the endings as Korean's answer to English prepositions. That account is right for place and direction, and it stops being right here. The endings below do the work of an English possessive, of the adverbs "also" and "only", of the prepositions "from" and "until", and of the conjunction "and". They have nothing in common except their position, which is always the back of the noun, and the fact that they can be stacked behind the endings you already know. The pattern Job Shape Example from the corpus of, belonging to one shape 한국의 수도 also, too, even one shape 나도 , 저도 only, just one shape 물만 , 잠깐만 from one shape 지금부터 until, as far as one shape 시내까지 , 인천까지 and, with two shapes 일본과 after a consonant, 남자와 after a vowel Only the last of the six changes shape, and it changes by the same rule as everything else: one form after a consonant, one after a vowel. Belonging. The possessive ending goes on the owner, and the owner goes first, which is the modifier rule of lesson 3.1 again. Korean Block by block English 서울은 한국의 수도예요. [1] 한국의 Korea's · 수도예요 is the capital Seoul is the capital of South Korea. 이건 저의 컴퓨터예요. [2] 저의 my · 컴퓨터예요 is a computer This is my computer. 여기 나의 여권이에요. [3] 나의 my · 여권이에요 is the passport Here's my passport. 너희들의 결혼을 축하해요. [4] 너희들의 your · 결혼을 marriage · 축하해요 congratulate Let me congratulate you on your marriage. 어떤 종류의 일을 하세요? [5] 종류의 of sort · 일을 work · 하세요 do What kind of work do you do? In ordinary speech the ending is very often dropped, and with the two words for "I" it contracts instead. The contracted forms are the ones you will actually hear and read. Korean What happened English 제 우산 같이 쓰세요. [6] the humble "I" with the ending contracted Please share my umbrella. 제 사과를 받아 주세요. [7] the same contraction Please accept my apology. 지금부터 제 얘기 잘 들으세요. [8] contracted, and the following ending dropped as well Now, listen carefully to what I am saying. Also and only. These two are the reason to say that Korean endings are not prepositions. English expresses them with separate words that move around the sentence, and Korean attaches them to the noun they apply to, which removes the ambiguity English is famous for. Only I study in the library and I study only in the library are two different claims that English writes with the same word in different places; Korean puts the ending on whichever noun it means. Korean What the ending adds English 나도 몰라요. [9] also, of the speaker I don't know either. 나도 그래요. [10] also, of the speaker Me too. 저도 그래요. [11] the same, in the humble word Me too. 물만 부탁드려요. [12] only, of the water Just water, please. 잠깐만 기다리세요. [13] only, of the moment Please wait a moment. 잠시만 기다려 주세요. [14] the same, with a politer verb Please wait a moment. 나는 도서관에서만 공부해요. [15] only, of the place I only study in the library. The last row is the one to study, because it shows the stacking order. The location ending comes first, because it says what relation the library stands in; the restricting ending comes second, because it comments on that whole relation. The rule is general: the ending that names the grammatical role goes next to the noun, and the ending that comments goes outside it. From and until. These two are a pair, of place and of time alike, and they are frequently used together. Korean Block by block English 여기에서 시내까지 어떻게 가요? [16] 여기에서 from here · 시내까지 as far as downtown · 어떻게 how · 가요 go How do you get downtown from here? 수원에서 인천까지 정류장이 없어요. [17] 수원에서 from Suwon · 인천까지 to Incheon · 정류장이 a stop · 없어요 there is not There is no stop between Suwon and Incheon. 지금부터 제 얘기 잘 들으세요. [8] 지금부터 from now · 제 얘기 my talk · 잘 well · 들으세요 listen Now, listen carefully to what I am saying. Notice which ending is used for a starting point in each. For a place, the origin ending of lesson 3.3 does the work; for a time, the ending in this lesson does. English uses "from" for both, so the split has to be learned: places start with the one you already know, and times start with the new one. And. The last ending joins two nouns, and it also means "with" when a person is involved. Korean Block by block English 일본과 한국은 이웃이에요. [18] 일본과 Japan and · 한국은 as for Korea · 이웃이에요 are neighbours Japan and South Korea are neighbors. 저는 당신과 결혼하기 싫어요. [19] 저는 as for me · 당신과 with you · 결혼하기 marrying · 싫어요 is hateful I don't want to marry you. How This Differs from English Three differences are worth naming, and the third is the one that catches people who have got everything else right. The possessive is usually invisible. English must mark possession, with an apostrophe or with "of". Korean marks it with an ending that is dropped whenever two nouns standing next to each other could only be in that relation. 제 우산 같이 쓰세요. has no ending on the umbrella's owner and none between owner and umbrella; the two nouns are simply adjacent, and adjacency is enough. An English speaker writing careful Korean puts the ending in every time, which is not wrong and is unmistakably foreign. "Also" and "only" are not adverbs. In English they are words that float, and their position decides what they apply to, often ambiguously. In Korean they are endings that attach, and there is no ambiguity