Logic: Deductive and Inductive — Carveth Read
A. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org . If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title : Logic: Deductive and Inductive Author : Carveth Read Release date : May 23, 2006 [eBook #18440] Language : English Other information and formats : www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/18440 Credits : Produced by Susan Skinner and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net *** START OF ( Grant Richards. ) Second Edition, November 1901. ( Grant Richards. ) Third Edition, January 1906. ( A. Moring Ltd. ) Reprinted, January 1908. ( A. Moring Ltd. ) Reprinted, May 1909. ( A. Moring Ltd. ) Reprinted, July 1910. ( A. Moring Ltd. ) Reprinted, September 1911. ( A. Moring Ltd. ) Reprinted, November 1912. ( A. Moring Ltd. ) Reprinted, April 1913. ( A. Moring Ltd. ) Reprinted, May 1920. ( Simpkin. ) LOGIC DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE BY CARVETH READ, M.A. AUTHOR OF "THE METAPHYSICS OF NATURE" "NATURAL AND SOCIAL MORALS" ETC. FOURTH EDITION ENLARGED, AND PARTLY REWRITTEN SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO. LTD., 4 STATIONERS' HALL COURT. LONDON, E.C.4 PREFACE In this edition of my Logic , the text has been revised throughout, several passages have been rewritten, and some sections added. The chief alterations and additions occur in cc. i., v., ix., xiii., xvi., xvii., xx. The work may be considered, on the whole, as attached to the school of Mill; to whose System of Logic , and to Bain's Logic , it is deeply indebted. Amongst the works of living writers, the Empirical Logic of Dr. Venn and the Formal Logic of Dr. Keynes have given me most assistance. To some others acknowledgments have been made as occasion arose. For the further study of contemporary opinion, accessible in English, one may turn to such works as Mr. Bradley's Principles of Logic , Dr. Bosanquet's Logic; or the Morphology of Knowledge , Prof. Hobhouse's Theory of Knowledge , Jevon's Principles of Science , and Sigwart's Logic . Ueberweg's Logic, and History of Logical Doctrine is invaluable for the history of our subject. The attitude toward Logic of the Pragmatists or Humanists may best be studied in Dr. Schiller's Formal Logic , and in Mr. Alfred Sidgwick's Process of Argument and recent Elementary Logic . The second part of this last work, on the "Risks of Reasoning," gives an admirably succinct account of their position. I agree with the Humanists that, in all argument, the important thing to attend to is the meaning, and that the most serious difficulties of reasoning occur in dealing with the matter reasoned about; but I find that a pure science of relation has a necessary place in the system of knowledge, and that the formulæ known as laws of contradiction, syllogism and causation are useful guides in the framing and testing of arguments and experiments concerning matters of fact. Incisive criticism of traditionary doctrines, with some remarkable reconstructions, may be read in Dr. Mercier's New Logic . In preparing successive editions of this book, I have profited by the comments of my friends: Mr. Thomas Whittaker, Prof. Claude Thompson, Dr. Armitage Smith, Mr. Alfred Sidgwick, Dr. Schiller, Prof. Spearman, and Prof. Sully, have made important suggestions; and I might have profited more by them, if the frame of my book, or my principles, had been more elastic. As to the present edition, useful criticisms have been received from Mr. S.C. Dutt, of Cotton College, Assam, and from Prof. M.A. Roy, of Midnapore; and, especially, I must heartily thank my colleague, Dr. Wolf, for communications that have left their impress upon nearly every chapter. Carveth Read. London, August , 1914 CONTENTS page Preface v CHAPTER I INTRODUCTORY §1. Definition of Logic 1 §2. General character of proof 2 §3. Division of the subject 5 §4. Uses of Logic 6 §5. Relation of Logic to other sciences 8 to Mathematics (p. 8 ); to concrete Sciences (p. 10 ); to Metaphysics (p. 10 ); to regulative sciences (p. 11 ) §6. Schools of Logicians 11 Relation to Psychology (p. 13 ) CHAPTER II GENERAL ANALYSIS OF PROPOSITIONS §1. Propositions and Sentences 16 §2. Subject, Predicate and Copula 17 §3. Compound Propositions 17 §4. Import of Propositions 19 §5. Form and Matter 22 §6. Formal and Material Logic 23 §7. Symbols used in Logic 24 CHAPTER III OF TERMS AND THEIR DENOTATION §1. Some Account of Language necessary 27 §2. Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 28 §3. Words are Categorematic or Syncategorematic 29 §4. Terms Concrete or Abstract 30 §5. Concrete Terms, Singular, General or Collective 33 CHAPTER IV THE CONNOTATION OF TERMS §1. Connotation of General Names 37 §2. Question of Proper Names 38 other Singular Names (p. 40 ) §3. Question of Abstract Terms 40 §4. Univocal and Equivocal Terms 41 Connotation determined by the suppositio (p. 43 ) §5. Absolute and Relative Terms 43 §6. Relation of Denotation to Connotation 46 §7. Contradictory Terms 47 §8. Positive and Negative Terms 50 Infinites; Privitives; Contraries (pp. 50 - 51 ) CHAPTER V CLASSIFICATION OF PROPOSITIONS §1. As to Quantity 53 Quantity of the Predicate (p. 56 ) §2. As to Quality 57 Infinite Propositions (p. 57 ) §3. A. I. E. O. 58 §4. As to Relation 59 Change of Relation (p. 60 ); Interpretation of 'either, or' (p. 63 ); Function of the hypothetical form (p. 64 ) §5. As to Modality 66 §6. Verbal and Real Propositions 67 CHAPTER VI CONDITIONS OF IMMEDIATE INFERENCE §1. Meaning of Inference 69 §2. Immediate and Mediate Inference 70 §3. The Laws of Thought 72 §4. Identity 73 §5. Contradiction and Excluded Middle 74 §6. The Scope of Formal Inference 76 CHAPTER VII IMMEDIATE INFERENCES §1. Plan of the Chapter 79 §2. Subalternation 79 §3. Connotative Subalternation 80 §4. Conversion 82 Reciprocality (p. 84 ) §5. Obversion 85 §6. Contrary Opposition 87 §7. Contradictory Opposition 87 §8. Sub-contrary Opposition