The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals — Charles Darwin
The Expression of Emotion in Man and Animals, by Charles Darwin You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org . If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title : The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals Author : Charles Darwin Release date : March 1, 1998 [eBook #1227] Most recently updated: October 29, 2024 Language : English Other information and formats : www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1227 Credits : Produced by Charles Keller and David Widger *** START OF Appleton And Company 1899 CONTENTS DETAILED CONTENTS. ON THE EXPRESSION OF THE EMOTIONS IN MAN AND ANIMALS. INTRODUCTION. CHAPTER I. — GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESSION. CHAPTER II. — GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESSION— continued . CHAPTER III. — GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESSION— concluded . CHAPTER IV. — MEANS OF EXPRESSION IN ANIMALS. CHAPTER V. — SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS OF ANIMALS. CHAPTER VI. — SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS OF MAN: SUFFERING AND WEEPING. CHAPTER VII. — LOW SPIRITS, ANXIETY, GRIEF, DEJECTION, DESPAIR. CHAPTER VIII. — JOY, HIGH SPIRITS, LOVE, TENDER FEELINGS, DEVOTION. CHAPTER IX. — REFLECTION—MEDITATION-ILL-TEMPER—SULKINESS—DETERMINATION. CHAPTER X. — HATRED AND ANGER. CHAPTER XI. — DISDAIN—CONTEMPT—DISGUST-GUILT—PRIDE, ETC. CHAPTER XII. — SURPRISE—ASTONISHMENT—FEAR—HORROR. CHAPTER XIII. — SELF-ATTENTION—SHAME—SHYNESS—MODESTY: BLUSHING. CHAPTER XIV. — CONCLUDING REMARKS AND SUMMARY. FOOTNOTES ILLUSTRATIONS Muscles of the Human Face. Fig 1-2 Muscles of the Human Face. Fig 3 Small Dog Watching a Cat on A Table. Figure 4 Dog in a Hostile Frame of Mind. Fig. 5 Dog in a humble and Affectionate Frame of Mind. Fig. 6 Dog in a Hostile Frame of Mind. Fig. 7 Dog Carressing his Master. Fig. 8 Cat, Savage, and Prepared to Fight. Fig. 9 Cat in an Affectionate Frame of Mind. Fig. 10 Sound Producing Quills from Tail of a Porcupine. Fig. 11 Hen Driving Away a Dog from Her Chickens. Fig. 12 Swan Driving Away an Intruder. Fig 13 Head of Snarling Dog. Fig 14 Cat Terrified at a Dog. Fig.15 Cynopithecus Niger, Pleased by Being Caressed. Fig.17 Chimpanzee Disappointed and Sulky. Fig. 18 Screaming Infants. Plate I. Obliquity of the Eyebrows. Plate II Moderate Laughter and Smiling. Plate III Ill-temper. Plate IV Anger and Indignation. Plate VI Scorn and Disdain. Plate V Gestures of the Body. Plate VII Photograph of an Insane Woman. Fig. 19 Terror. Fig. 20 Horror and Agony. Fig. 21 N.B .—Several of the figures in these seven Heliotype Plates have been reproduced from photographs, instead of from the original negatives; and they are in consequence somewhat indistinct. Nevertheless they are faithful copies, and are much superior for my purpose to any drawing, however carefully executed. DETAILED CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION CHAP. I—GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESSION. The three chief principles stated—The first principle—Serviceable actions become habitual in association with certain states of the mind, and are performed whether or not of service in each particular case—The force of habit—Inheritance—Associated habitual movements in man—Reflex actions—Passage of habits into reflex actions—Associated habitual movements in the lower animals—Concluding remarks CHAP. II—GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESSION. — continued . The Principle of Antithesis—Instances in the dog and cat—Origin of the principle—Conventional signs—The principle of antithesis has not arisen from opposite actions being consciously performed under opposite impulses CHAP. III—GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESSION. — concluded . The principle of the direct action of the excited nervous system on the body, independently of the will and in part of habit—Change of colour in the hair—Trembling of the muscles—Modified secretions—Perspiration—Expression of extreme pain—Of rage, great joy, and terror—Contrast between the emotions which cause and do not cause expressive movements—Exciting and depressing states of the mind—Summary CHAP. IV—MEANS OF EXPRESSION. IN ANIMALS. The emission of sounds—Vocal sounds—Sounds otherwise produced—Erection of the dermal appendages, hairs, feathers, &c., under the emotions of anger and terror—The drawing back of the ears as a preparation for fighting, and as an expression of anger—Erection of the ears and raising the head, a sign of attention CHAP. V.—SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS OF ANIMALS. The Dog, various expressive movements of—Cats—Horses—Ruminants—Monkeys, their expression of joy and affection—Of pain—Anger Astonishment and Terror CHAP. VI.—SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS OF MAN: SUFFERING AND WEEPING. The screaming and weeping of infants—Form of features—Age at which weeping commences—The effects of habitual restraint on weeping—Sobbing—Cause of the contraction of the muscles round the eyes during screaming—Cause of the secretion of tears CHAP. VII.—LOW SPIRITS, ANXIETY, GRIEF, DEJECTION, DESPAIR. General effect of grief on the system—Obliquity of the eyebrows under suffering—On the cause of the obliquity of the eyebrows—On the depression of the corners of the mouth CHAP. VIII.—JOY, HIGH SPIRITS, LOVE, TENDER FEELINGS, DEVOTION. Laughter primarily the expression of joy—Ludicrous ideas—Movements of the features during laughter—Nature of the sound produced—The secretion of tears during loud laughter—Gradation from loud laughter to gentle smiling—High spirits—The expression of love—Tender feelings—Devotion CHAP. IX.—REFLECTION—MEDITATION—ILL—TEMPER—SULKINESS DETERMINATION. The act of frowning—Reflection with an effort or with the perception of something difficult or disagreeable—Abstracted meditation—Ill-temper—Moroseness—Obstinacy—Sulkiness and pouting—Decision or determination—The firm closure of the mouth CHAP. X.—HATRED AND ANGER. Hatred—Rage, effects of on the system—Uncovering of the teeth—Rage in the insane—Anger and indignation—As expressed by the various races of man—Sneering and defiance—The un