人間知性新論 — Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
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Created with hocr-to-epub (v.1.0.0) I The text on this page is estimated to be only 28.33% accurate NEW ESSAYS CONCERNING The text on this page is estimated to be only 27.35% accurate NEW ESSAYS CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING BY GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNITZ TOGETHER WITH AN APPENDIX CONSISTING OF SOME OF HIS SHORTER PIECES TRANSLATED FROM THE ORIGINAL LATIN, FRENCH AND GERMAN, WITH NOTES BY ALFRED GIDEON LANGLEY A.M. (BROWN) ork THE MACMILLAN COMPANY LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., LTD. 1896 All rights reserved The text on this page is estimated to be only 23.35% accurate COPYRIGHT, 1896, BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. Nortoooti 33rrs3 J. S. Gushing & Co. - Berwick * Smith Norwood Mass. U.S.A. The text on this page is estimated to be only 23.11% accurate &0 tng flotfjer antJ Sister SOMETIME GONE WHERE WE SHALL KNOW AS WE ARE KNOWN Into t0 tng Jatfjn: STILL WHERE WE SEE AS IN A MIRROR OBSCURELY IN DEEPEST LOVE AND GRATITUDE I DEDICATE THIS BOOK The text on this page is estimated to be only 27.61% accurate CONTENTS PAGE Translator's Preface xi Gerhardt's Introduction to his edition of Leibnitz's Nouveaux Essais 3 LEIBNITZ'S CRITIQUE OF LOCKE On Locke's Essay on Human Understanding, 1696 .... 13 Specimen of Thoughts upon the First Book of the Essay on Human Understanding, 1698 20 Specimen of Thoughts upon the Second Book, 1698 .... 23 On Coste's Translation of Locke's Essay concerning Human Under standing ; from the " Monatliche Auszug," September, 1700, pp. 611-636 26 Addition thereto. " Monatliche Auszug," 1701, pp. 73-75 . . 37 NEW ESSAYS ON THE UNDERSTANDING, BY THE AUTHOR OF THE SYSTEM OF PRE-ESTABLISHED HARMONY Preface 41 Book I. — Innate Ideas CHAPTER I. Are there innate principles in the mind of man ? . . .64 II. No innate practical principles 85 III. Other considerations touching innate principles, both spec ulative and practical 100 B00l- II. _ J.leas. I. Which treats of ideas in general, and examines by the way whether the mind of man always thinks .... 109 II. Simple ideas 120 III. Of ideas which come to us by one sense only .... 121 IV. Of solidity 122 V. Of simple ideas which come by different senses . . . 129 VI. Of simple ideas which come by reflection . 130 vii The text on this page is estimated to be only 28.14% accurate CONTEXTS CHAPTER PAGE VII. Of ideas which come by sensation and reflection . . 130 VIII. Other considerations upon simple ideas .... 130 IX. Of perception 135 X. Of retention 142 XI. Of discernment, or the faculty of distinguishing ideas . 143 XII. Of complex ideas 147 XIII. Of simple modes, and first of those of space . . . 149 XIV. Of duration and its simple modes 155 XV. Of duration and expansion considered together . . 158 XVI. Of number 100 XVII. Of infinity 161 XV11I. Of other simple modes 104 XIX. Of the modes of thinking 104 XX. Of modes of pleasure and pain 107 XXI. Of power and freedom 174 XXII. Of mixed modes 221 XXIII. Of our complex ideas of substances 225 XXIV. Of collective ideas of substances 235 XXV. Of relation "235^ XXVI. Of cause and effect and some other relations . . . 237 XXVII. What identity or diversity is 238 XXVIII. Of some other relations, and especially of moral relations 258 XXIX. Of clear and obscure, distinct and confused ideas . . 265 XXX. Of real and fantastical ideas 275 XXXI. Of adequate and inadequate ideas 278 XXXII. Of true and false ideas . . . . . .281 XXXIII. Of the association of ideas . 281 Jlook ///.— Words. I. Of words or language in general 285 II. Of the signification of words 291 III. Of general terms 307 IV. Of the names of simple ideas 318 V. Of the names of mixed modes and relations . . . $&. VI. Of the names of substances (S30 VII. Of particles 364 VIII. Of abstract and concrete terms 368 IX. Of the imperfections of words 369 X. Of the abuse of words 376 XI. Of the remedies which may be applied to the imperfec tions and abuses just spoken of . . . . . 390 The text on this page is estimated to be only 27.46% accurate CONTENTS Book I V. — Of Knowledge CHAPTER PAGE I. Of knowledge in general 397 II. Of the degrees of our knowledge ..... 404 III. Of the extent of human knowledge 423 IV. Of the reality of our knowledge ...... 444 V. Of truth in general ........ 449 VI. Of universal propositions, their truth and certitude . . 452 VII. Of propositions called maxims or axioms .... 462 VIII. Of trilling propositions 490 IX. Of our knowledge of our existence ..... 497 i X. Of our knowledge of the existenc