この最後の者にも — John Ruskin
You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org . If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title : Unto This Last, and Other Essays on Political Economy Author : John Ruskin Release date : June 27, 2011 [eBook #36541] Language : English Other information and formats : www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/36541 Credits : E-text prepared by David Clarke and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team *** START OF pgdp.net) UNTO THIS LAST AND OTHER ESSAYS ON POLITICAL ECONOMY The World Library UNTO THIS LAST AND OTHER ESSAYS ON POLITICAL ECONOMY BY JOHN RUSKIN LONDON MELBOURNE · & · TORONTO WARD · LOCK · & · CO · LIMITED 1912 CONTENTS. PART I. PAGE THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF ART 7 Lecture I. 11 1. Discovery 23 2. Application 28 Lecture II. 46 3. Accumulation 46 4. Distribution 65 Addenda 86 Note 1.—"Fatherly Authority" 86 " 2.—"Right to Public Support" 90 " 3.—"Trial Schools" 95 " 4.—"Public Favour" 101 " 5.—"Invention of new wants" 102 " 6.—"Economy of Literature" 104 " 7.—"Pilots of the State" 106 " 8.—"Silk and Purple" 107 PART II. PAGE UNTO THIS LAST 117 Essay I.—The Roots of Honour 127 II.—The Veins of Wealth 143 III.—"Qui Judicatis Terram" 156 IV.—Ad Valorem 173 PART III. PAGE ESSAYS ON POLITICAL ECONOMY [A] I.— Maintenance of Life: Wealth, Money and Riches 207 Section 1. Wealth 214 " 2. Money 219 " 3. Riches 222 II.— Nature of Wealth, Variations of Value, The National Store, Nature of Labour, Value and Price, The Currency 225 III.— The Currency-holders and Store-holders, The Disease of Desire 252 IV.— Laws and Governments: Labour And Riches 278 [A] These Essays were afterwards revised and amplified, and published with others under the title "Munera Pulveris." THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF ART. PREFACE. The greater part of the following treatise remains in the exact form in which it was read at Manchester; but the more familiar passages of it, which were trusted to extempore delivery, have been since written with greater explicitness and fullness than I could give them in speaking; and a considerable number of notes are added, to explain the points which could not be sufficiently considered in the time I had at my disposal in the lecture-room. Some apology may be thought due to the reader, for an endeavour to engage his attention on a subject of which no profound study seems compatible with the work in which I am usually employed. But profound study is not, in this case, necessary either to writer or reader, while accurate study, up to a certain point, is necessary for us all. Political economy means, in plain English, nothing more than "citizens' economy"; and its first principles ought, therefore, to be understood by all who mean to take the responsibility of citizens, as those of household economy by all who take the responsibility of householders. Nor are its first principles in the least obscure: they are, many of them, disagreeable in their practical requirements, and people in general pretend that they cannot understand, because they are unwilling to obey them; or, rather, by habitual disobedience, destroy their capacity of understanding them. But there is not one of the really great principles of the science which is either obscure or disputable—which might not be taught to a youth as soon as he can be trusted with an annual allowance, or to a young lady as soon as she is of age to be taken into counsel by the housekeeper. I might, with more appearance of justice, be blamed for thinking it necessary to enforce what everybody is supposed to know. But this fault will hardly be found with me, while the commercial events recorded daily in our journals, and still more the explanations attempted to be given of them, show that a large number of our so-called merchants are as ignorant of the nature of money as they are reckless, unjust, and unfortunate in its employment. The statements of economical principle given in the text, though I know that most, if not all, of them are accepted by existing authorities on the science, are not supported by references, because I have never read any author on political economy, except Adam Smith, twenty years ago. [1] Whenever I have taken up any modern book upon this subject, I have usually found it encumbered with inquiries into accidental or minor commercial results, for the pursuit of which an ordinary reader could have no leisure, and, by the complication of which, it seemed to me, the authors themselves had been not unfrequently prevented from seeing to the root of the business. Finally, if the reader should feel inclined to blame me for too sanguine a statement of future possibilities in political practice, let him consider how absurd it would have appeared in the days of Edward I. if the present state of social economy had been then predicted as necessary, or even described as possible. And I believe the advance from the days of Edward I. to our own, great as it is confessedly, consists, not so much in what we have actually accomplished, as in what we are now enabled to conceive. FOOTNOTES: [1] 1857. THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF ART. LECTURE I. Among the various characteristics of the age in which we live, as compared with other ages of this not yet very experienced world, one of the most notable appears to me to be the just and wholesome contempt in which we hold poverty. I repeat, the just and wholesome contempt; though I see that some of my hearers look surprised at the expression. I assure them, I use it in sincerity; and I should not have ventured to ask you to listen to me this evening, unless I had entertained a profound respect for wealth—true wealth, that is to say; for, of course, we ought to respect neither wealth nor anything else that is false of its kind: and the distinction between real and false wealth is one of the points on which I shall have a few words